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If someone refers you after you already found the normal application portal, should you submit both ways? I am worried about creating duplicate applications.
Do not create duplicate applications unless the firm's instructions explicitly require it.
A referral is meant to add internal context to your candidacy, not create two parallel applications. The consulting referral guide explains how referrals typically fit into the application process.
If you already applied, tell the referrer. They may still be able to submit support internally, or recruiting can tell you whether anything else is needed.
One application. My referrer attached to the existing profile.
Duplicate apps caused a mess for my friend.
I have a strong referral from someone in one MBB office, but my actual first-choice office is somewhere else. Does it weaken the referral if I apply to a different location? I do not want to pick an office just to match the referrer if I have a much better personal reason for another city.
Apply to the office that genuinely fits you. A referral should support the candidate, not force you into the referrer's location.
I submitted my BCG application and then someone offered to refer me. Is it too late for the referral to matter, or can employees / recruiting attach it afterward?
It may still be possible, depending on the recruiting system and whether your application is already being reviewed.
I had one call with someone at McKinsey and they offered to refer me. Obviously I appreciate it, but does a referral from someone who barely knows you actually help much?
A referral is strongest when the person can credibly explain why they recommend you. A weak connection may still create visibility, but the signal is naturally limited.